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WSP has been appointed to all three lots of the Environment Agency’s National Groundwater Modelling Framework, covering strategic modelling, regional and catchment-scale studies, and site-specific assessments. The framework will support regulation of abstraction, flood risk and drought management by standardising numerical groundwater models used to assess aquifer behaviour, contaminant migration and interactions with rivers and infrastructure. Consultants working on EA-regulated projects should expect closer alignment to EA-approved modelling tools, datasets and calibration approaches over the framework term.

EcoVadis has awarded MKM Building Supplies a Gold medal, placing the independent merchant in the top 5% of 150,000 companies assessed worldwide for environmental, ethical, labour and human rights, and sustainable procurement performance. Key measures include opening its first two BREEAM Excellent certified branches in Cheltenham and Wolverhampton, rolling out electric forklift trucks across the network, and tightening supplier requirements via a strengthened Code of Conduct. For specifiers and contractors, MKM is also widening access to renewable heating technologies, energy‑efficient products and lower‑carbon construction solutions aligned with evolving UK building regulations.

New South Wales coal mining has cut direct emissions by 30 per cent since 2005 and net emissions by 35 per cent once the federal Safeguard Mechanism is included, making it the fastest‑reducing sector in the state. The industry is now on track to meet legislated 2030 emissions targets, driven by mine‑site efficiency gains, progressive rehabilitation and changes in operational energy use. For mine planners and environmental engineers, the data signal mounting pressure on lagging sectors and a likely tightening of baseline and offset settings beyond 2030.

A fleet of autonomous marine robots, including the long‑range Autosub “Boaty McBoatface”, will be launched from the polar research vessel RRS Sir David Attenborough to survey rapidly melting Greenland outlet glaciers and adjacent fjords. The mission will map sub‑ice shelf geometry, measure water column temperature and salinity, and track glacier–ocean interactions that influence Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Data on seabed morphology, grounding line position and meltwater plumes will feed into improved sea level rise projections and coastal infrastructure design criteria.

Government has set out a delivery plan to protect 30% of England’s land for nature by 2030, coupling the target with new funding for national parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and other protected landscapes. The plan includes support for climate adaptation research relevant to floodplain management, coastal erosion and peatland restoration, with implications for drainage design, embankment stability and long-term asset resilience. Additional investment in new national forests will drive large-scale tree planting and soil restoration, affecting ground investigation, slope design and hydrological modelling on adjacent infrastructure schemes.

Severn Trent Water has avoided a financial penalty from Ofwat despite “serious failings” in wastewater and sewage management, after committing to wastewater treatment works expansions and nature-based interventions such as wetlands and catchment measures. The company’s programme includes increasing capacity at existing wastewater facilities and deploying natural attenuation and storage solutions to reduce storm overflow discharges. For civil and environmental engineers, the case signals regulatory weight behind early engagement, demonstrable upgrade plans and integrated grey–green infrastructure rather than purely end-of-pipe compliance.

More than 60% of known hydrothermal vent mollusc species – 125 of 201 assessed – are now classed as threatened on the IUCN Red List due to prospective deep-sea mining for copper, cobalt, zinc and polymetallic nodules. IUCN is urging a moratorium ahead of the International Seabed Authority’s 13–31 July meeting in Jamaica, citing evidence from a 3,000‑tonne nodule removal test at 4,280 m in the Clarion‑Clipperton Zone that cut macrofaunal density by 37% and species richness by 32% within two years. For project planners and ESG teams, the findings signal rising regulatory and reputational risk for vent-proximal licences, while marine protected areas like the Mariana Arc of Fire currently shield some species such as Provanna exquisita.

Google.org has awarded a £1M grant to the FloodAction Coalition to build a UK-wide water resilience intelligence platform targeting both fluvial flooding and drought risk. The system is expected to aggregate hydrological, land-use and socio-economic data to identify priority catchments where nature-based solutions—such as floodplain reconnection, wetland restoration and upstream storage—offer the greatest cost–benefit. For civil and geotechnical teams, the platform should provide more granular evidence to justify green infrastructure schemes in business cases and long-term asset management plans.

Market engagement has opened for a £382M vault optimisation and capping delivery contract at Nuclear Waste Services’ Low Level Waste Repository (LLWR) in Cumbria, signalling a major phase of engineered containment works. The package is expected to cover optimisation of existing disposal vaults and installation of multi-layer capping systems over legacy trenches and vaults to long-term standards for low-level radioactive waste isolation. Contractors will need deep experience in complex earthworks, geosynthetic barrier systems, and long-duration performance of engineered covers in aggressive coastal conditions.

United Utilities has created new woodlands and restored peatlands across more than 2,200 football pitches’ worth of land at its North West water catchment sites, signalling a major landscape-scale intervention in source protection. Large-scale peatland preservation and tree planting in upland catchments can materially reduce peak runoff, improve raw water quality by cutting colour and turbidity, and stabilise slopes, with long-term implications for reservoir yield, treatment costs and geotechnical performance of adjacent infrastructure.

United Utilities has announced a £30M programme to retrofit sustainable drainage across Liverpool, aiming to make the city “spongier” by intercepting and attenuating rainfall before it reaches combined sewers. Measures are expected to include permeable paving, rain gardens and other SuDS features on highways and public realm to cut surface runoff volumes and peak flows during intense storms. For civil and drainage engineers, the scheme signals more retrofit SuDS design in dense urban streetscapes, with a premium on hydraulic modelling, utility coordination and constructability in constrained corridors.

Ofwat has accepted a £44.7M enforcement package from Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water to remediate wastewater network failures and cut sewage spills across Wales. The measures will target storm overflows and underperforming treatment works, with investment directed to upgrading sewer infrastructure, increasing storage capacity and improving process control at key wastewater treatment plants. For civil and environmental engineers, the programme signals near-term demand for hydraulic modelling, network rehabilitation, and construction of additional attenuation and treatment assets under tighter regulatory scrutiny.

The Environment Agency has appointed a consortium led by AtkinsRéalis, with Stantec and Waterman as subconsultants, to deliver professional services for a new flood and coastal risk management framework across England. The framework will support planning, design and appraisal of defences and nature-based solutions for rivers, estuaries and coasts, shaping future capital works and asset management programmes. Consultants can expect significant workloads in hydraulic modelling, coastal processes, climate change allowances and whole-life risk assessments for Environment Agency schemes.

Nova has switched on a floating solar farm at a Cheshire silica sand quarry, delivering on-site power generation for one of the UK’s largest producers of high-quality industrial silica sand. Developed with environmental consultancy RSK, the array is mounted on a buoyant platform system on the quarry lake, preserving limited land area for extraction and processing infrastructure. The installation reduces grid dependence for energy-intensive washing and grading plant, and will require geotechnical and hydraulic checks on anchoring, bank stability and water-level variability over the quarry’s remaining life.

BHP and the Global Centre for Maritime Decarbonisation are trialling a marine biofuel blend derived from used cooking oil and waste animal fats on a BHP‑chartered bulk carrier voyage from Australia to China. The pilot focuses on blending, handling and tracing multi‑feedstock biofuels through existing bunker supply chains, using current marine fuel infrastructure rather than dedicated new storage or pipelines. Outcomes will inform fuel specification, engine performance and contamination risk management for large dry bulk vessels on long‑haul export routes.

Australian-owned Vital Chemical, approaching its 50th year, is supplying erosion and dust control solutions to major Queensland civil and construction projects, with products formulated for environmentally and sustainably sound performance. The company’s portfolio targets typical road and earthworks issues such as exposed batter erosion, haul road dust and stockpile stabilisation, aiming to reduce sediment run-off and particulate emissions without relying on traditional solvent-based binders. For geotechnical and civil contractors, this signals wider availability of project-scale, compliance-focused surface treatments that can be integrated into construction environmental management plans.

Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage (CCUS) is being positioned as a core element of UK decarbonisation strategy for gas-fired power and hard-to-abate materials such as cement and concrete, with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries promoting large-scale post-combustion capture units integrated with existing plants. Critics question lifecycle emissions, high energy penalties for solvent-based capture, and long-term integrity of offshore geological storage. For civil and materials engineers, the debate centres on retrofit feasibility at existing cement kilns, pipeline and compression infrastructure requirements, and whether CCUS investment may delay process changes or clinker substitution.

Panama will publish on Friday a third‑party environmental audit of First Quantum Minerals’ shuttered Cobre Panamá mine, a 350,000‑tonne‑per‑year copper operation that previously generated about 5% of national GDP, to guide President José Raúl Mulino’s decision on its future after the 2023 Supreme Court ruling voided the concession. Environment minister Juan Carlos Navarro and commerce minister Julio Moltó say the extensive report, following six preliminary technical reviews, will be released “with full transparency” and is the only basis for assessing environmental compliance. The move comes as new protests in Panama City, led by Sal de las Redes and Movimiento Independiente Voluntad, oppose any restart amid claims of irreversible environmental damage and debate over an estimated $3.5 billion economic loss since shutdown.

ArcelorMittal Exploitation Minière Canada has been fined C$100 million, the largest penalty ever under Canada’s Fisheries Act, after pleading guilty to 100 counts for discharging low‑pH effluents and waters with elevated zinc, nickel and suspended solids from its Mont‑Wright and Fire Lake iron ore operations between 2014 and 2022. Nearly C$250,000 in investigation costs must also be repaid, and a detailed effluent and mine drainage management plan for both complexes is due to federal enforcement officers by mid‑February 2027. The company says it has since invested over C$400 million in permanent water control and treatment infrastructure.

Arca Technologies has secured up to C$2 million from NRC IRAP’s Clean Tech initiative towards a C$7.4 million project to move its mineral activation and engineered carbonation processes from lab to field scale, targeting alkaline wastes such as mine tailings and steel slag. The company will design containerised, field‑deployable mineralisation units and prepare a first‑of‑kind industrial pilot, billed as the first field‑scale system to accelerate carbon mineralisation in mine waste. Commercial traction includes a 10‑year offtake with Microsoft for nearly 300,000 tonnes of CO₂ removal and an early pre‑purchase from Frontier.

Jacobs has been appointed by Great British Energy – Nuclear to deliver environmental consultancy and baselining at the Oldbury site in Gloucestershire, earmarked as a potential location for a new nuclear power station. The work will characterise existing ground, groundwater, ecological and radiological conditions to support future nuclear site licensing, environmental permits and design optioneering. Early baselining data will be critical for later geotechnical investigations, foundation design, flood and coastal risk assessments, and long-term monitoring strategies if the project proceeds.

A UK Government research paper concludes that Nature-based Solutions such as floodplain reconnection, riparian woodland and leaky barriers are most effective when planned and modelled across whole catchments rather than as isolated site schemes. The study stresses integrating NbS with existing hard defences, using hydrological and hydraulic modelling to quantify peak flow attenuation and downstream level reductions under design storm events. For civil and drainage engineers, this points to earlier basin-scale option appraisal, multi-landowner agreements and long-term monitoring of storage volumes, infiltration rates and sediment behaviour.

A former Ibstock extraction site, Dalton Quarry, is being converted by Green Earth Developments Group into a biodiversity “bank” of engineered habitats to generate tradable biodiversity net gain (BNG) units for UK infrastructure schemes. The project will create a mosaic of habitat types on previously worked quarry land, allowing developers to purchase pre-accredited BNG units rather than delivering all ecological uplift within constrained project footprints. For civil and geotechnical teams, this model could influence land-take, earthworks design and long-term aftercare obligations on major road, rail and housing projects.

National Highways has appointed WSP to lead a multi-disciplinary team to deliver its Water Quality Plan targeting pollution from road run-off across the strategic road network. The commission will focus on identifying high-risk outfalls, retrofitting drainage and treatment assets such as interceptors, swales and attenuation ponds, and improving monitoring of contaminants including hydrocarbons and suspended solids. For civil and geotechnical designers, the move signals more retrofit water treatment structures at existing junctions, cuttings and embankments, with tighter controls on discharge consents.

National Highways has appointed WSP as technical partner, supported by Mott MacDonald, Ramboll, Arup and Aecom, to deliver its Water Quality Plan targeting the most polluting road run‑off discharges on the Strategic Road Network by 2030. The programme will design and implement treatment for high‑risk outfalls using nature‑based systems (e.g. swales, wetlands) and mechanical solutions installed within existing highway boundaries, focusing on oils, tyre‑derived suspended solids and brake‑related metals. For designers and geotechnical teams, this signals significant upcoming work on retrofit drainage, attenuation and treatment assets constrained by current carriageway footprints.

Mining operators are increasingly using spill bunded pallets to contain fuels, lubricants and other hazardous liquids stored in workshops, laydown yards and processing areas, reducing the risk of unplanned releases to soil and drainage systems. Eco Pallets’ moulded polyethylene bunded units, shown in use at Tanafloc Australia, integrate forklift pockets, removable grates and corrosion‑resistant sumps sized to capture typical drum and IBC failure volumes. For geotechnical and environmental teams, this simplifies compliance with bunding requirements, reduces contaminated run‑off, and limits the footprint of lined or remediated ground.

Carbon Direct has partnered with Arca to co-develop and market Arca’s Industrial Mineralization (IMin) carbon dioxide removal credits, based on accelerated mineralisation of alkaline mine and steelmaking waste. The technology, validated in an 18‑month pilot with BHP at an active Australian mine, has already secured a 10‑year offtake from Microsoft for nearly 300,000 tonnes of CO₂ and an early prepurchase from Frontier. With 16.5 billion tonnes of suitable legacy waste and 3 billion tonnes produced annually, Arca targets durable (>10,000‑year) CO₂ storage with potential tailings stabilisation co‑benefits.

Construction clients and contractors are starting to embed biodiversity metrics alongside whole‑life carbon assessment, using quantified habitat units and standardised biodiversity net gain (BNG) calculators to track performance through design, procurement and delivery. Supply chains are being asked to evidence habitat creation, connectivity and species outcomes in product data sheets and contracts, linking materials choices and temporary works to measurable on‑site ecological change rather than qualitative statements. For geotechnical and civil teams, this signals future schemes where cut‑and‑fill, drainage, earthworks phasing and landscape design must all be optimised against both carbon and biodiversity targets.

Natural England has approved the Stodmarsh stream enhancement scheme under the Habitats Regulations, unlocking nutrient neutrality credits to support several thousand new homes around Ashford, Kent. The scheme centres on watercourse and wetland improvements in the Stodmarsh catchment to offset additional nitrogen and phosphorus loads from new foul drainage. Planners, drainage designers and geotechnical teams will need to integrate on-site attenuation, SuDS and connection strategies that align with the credit conditions tied to the Stodmarsh enhancement works.

The Metals Company’s NORI and TOML subsidiaries have submitted 2013–2022 exploration data from the eastern Clarion‑Clipperton Zone to the ISA’s DeepData system, including 777 equipment deployments, over 4,800 environmental samples, 76,000 biological records and 69,185 geochemical data points from depths beyond 4,000 m. The dataset now accounts for roughly one‑third of all CCZ entries in DeepData and 54% of biological records in the OBIS‑ISA node, positioning it as a key reference for Environmental Impact Assessments. TMC argues this evidence base is sufficient to start monitored commercial nodule collection, despite ongoing calls from NGOs for a moratorium.

Construction’s role in more than one-third of UK carbon emissions is widely acknowledged, but its contribution to acute silt pollution from earthworks, dewatering and runoff from haul roads and stockpiles is still largely overlooked. Fine sediment washed from sites into watercourses can smother spawning gravels, clog culverts and foul SuDS assets, often breaching Environment Agency permits and triggering costly stop-work notices. The piece calls for more rigorous use of silt fences, settlement lagoons and lamella clarifiers, plus better phasing of bulk earthworks to keep disturbed areas and exposed cohesive soils to a minimum.

FI Real Estate Management has been fined £40,000 at Caernarfon magistrates court for unlawfully demolishing buildings on the Peblig Industrial Estate, Caernarfon, that contained bat roosts for three species identified in a 2023 survey. The works proceeded in September 2024 without the required European Protected Species Licence from Natural Resources Wales and before an acceptable replacement bat house design had been agreed with a senior biodiversity officer. The conviction under the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 and the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 reinforces that demolition and redevelopment programmes must integrate protected species licensing into design and sequencing.

The UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero has launched a pilot scheme to test non‑pipeline CO₂ transport options to support wider Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage deployment beyond fixed trunk lines. The programme will examine road, rail and ship-based movement of captured CO₂ from dispersed industrial sites to storage hubs, targeting clusters that are uneconomic or technically challenging to connect by high-pressure pipeline. For civil and geotechnical engineers, this signals future demand for modular loading terminals, interim storage tanks and upgraded pavements and rail sidings designed for dense liquid CO₂ logistics.

Natural Resources Wales and the Coal Authority’s Mining Remediation Authority used a PDG helicopter to place 109 bags of stabilisation material along the Nant y Bai riverbank at Nant y Mwyn lead mine, Carmarthenshire, where about 300m³ of spoil was at immediate risk of being washed into the river. The airlift avoided haul roads and heavy plant, limiting ground disturbance and allowing follow‑up hand work to protect rare grassland around the site. Reducing severe spoil erosion is expected to cut cadmium and zinc loading to the Afon Tywi, currently elevated for up to 25 km downstream.

Egis has appointed Afshan Rasheed to lead a new UK environmental consultancy practice, positioned alongside its existing energy, water and transport teams. The unit will deliver environmental impact assessment and wider environmental services across Egis’s major infrastructure and engineering portfolio, embedding sustainability criteria from early optioneering through to construction delivery. Rasheed, who has previously held senior roles at major engineering consultancies, is tasked with scaling specialist environmental capability and building high-performing, multidisciplinary teams across the UK business.

Saudi Arabia is overhauling waste management under Vision 2030, with the National Center for Waste Management (MWAN) targeting 94% diversion of municipal solid waste from landfill and 100% treatment of hazardous and medical waste by 2035. The strategy includes expanding engineered sanitary landfills, waste-to-energy plants and construction and demolition recycling facilities, alongside stricter permitting and data systems for industrial waste streams. For geotechnical practitioners, this signals rising demand for landfill lining systems, leachate control, gas capture infrastructure and brownfield remediation expertise across multiple regions.

Advance Green Futures has begun a 268-hectare restoration of the former Potland Burn mining site in Northumberland to create a large habitat mosaic and long-term biodiversity management area. The scheme is being structured to generate a tradable bank of biodiversity net gain (BNG) units for local developers needing to meet mandatory BNG requirements on constrained sites. For civil and housing projects in the area, this offers an off-site BNG route that could materially influence land valuation, masterplanning, and consenting strategies.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are shifting from a niche contamination issue to a core design constraint for water, wastewater and brownfield infrastructure, as regulators tighten limits on “forever chemicals” in soil and groundwater. Civil engineers are being pushed to integrate PFAS-specific measures such as high-pressure membrane treatment, granular activated carbon and specialised landfill liners into drainage, flood defence and remediation schemes. The trend signals more complex risk assessments, higher lifecycle costs and potential redesign of legacy assets where PFAS-impacted leachate or run-off was not previously considered.

Sponge city strategies are gaining momentum in the UK as Ciwem’s recent Sponge Cities briefing note calls for widespread deployment of nature-based, water-retentive urban design. The concept centres on retrofitting streets, roofs and public spaces with permeable pavements, rain gardens, swales and green roofs to attenuate stormwater, reduce combined sewer overflows and manage surface water flooding. For civil and geotechnical engineers, this signals growing demand for SuDS-led masterplanning, hydraulic modelling of blue–green corridors and revised pavement and subgrade specifications to accommodate higher infiltration and storage.

Stormwater engineer David Schofield argues that large-scale managed aquifer recharge (MAR) using infiltration basins and recharge wells could simultaneously reduce UK surface-water flood peaks and bolster drought resilience. He points to schemes where storm flows are diverted from combined sewers into gravel-filled soakaways and deep injection wells, storing millions of cubic metres in permeable chalk and sandstone rather than building ever-larger attenuation tanks. For geotechnical and civil designers, MAR shifts focus towards subsurface storage capacity, soil permeability, groundwater mounding, and long-term water quality monitoring.

Anglo American is deploying environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling across its Bowen Basin coal operations, including Capcoal, to verify fauna using rehabilitated waste dumps and tailings areas. Environment teams collect air, water and soil samples to detect species such as microbats, small mammals and birds moving through reshaped and revegetated landforms, complementing traditional trapping and camera surveys. The approach gives mine planners finer-grained data on habitat use and succession, informing design of final landforms, drainage lines and vegetation communities for progressive rehabilitation sign-off.

Environment Agency drones are being deployed more aggressively against organised fly-tipping, with a 33-strong pilot squad logging 272 flight hours since July and preparing to carry light detection and ranging (LiDAR) payloads for high-resolution volumetric mapping of illegal waste sites. Moving LiDAR from manned aircraft to UAVs is intended to give prosecutors precise 3D evidence of waste locations and extents, while a new screening tool cross-checks lorry licence applications against waste permit records to flag suspect operators. Enforcement capacity has been boosted with the joint waste crime unit expanded from 13 to 20 staff, supporting 751 illegal sites shut and 221 prosecutions since March 2025 under a £15.6m enforcement budget.

An ultrasonic acoustic fish deterrent designed for EDF’s Hinkley Point C cooling water intakes has proved “highly effective” in Swansea University trials, significantly reducing fish approach rates to the intake zone. The system uses targeted sound frequencies to steer multiple species away from the intake channel, aiming to meet Environment Agency requirements on impingement and entrainment without major changes to the intake structure. Trial results may remove the need for a large compensatory saltmarsh scheme on the Severn Estuary, easing local planning and coastal engineering constraints.

Britain is being urged to treat deep and shallow geothermal as a mainstream heat source, with a new national roadmap arguing that the country’s substantial but underused subsurface resource could displace a significant share of gas‑fired heating. The plan points to proven concepts such as mine‑water geothermal in former coalfields and district heating from deep sedimentary aquifers, which can be integrated with existing heat networks and large heat pumps. For civil and geotechnical engineers, this signals growing demand for high‑temperature boreholes, well integrity design and long‑term monitoring of thermal–hydraulic behaviour in urban ground.

WSP and Mott MacDonald have secured a £25M contract from Great British Energy – Nuclear (GBE‑N) to deliver environmental services and permitting support for the proposed small modular reactor (SMR) development at Wylfa on Anglesey. The consultancies will lead environmental impact assessment, regulatory interface and consents strategy for the multi‑unit SMR site, a former nuclear location with complex coastal, seismic and ecological constraints. Early permitting work will be critical for geotechnical investigations, marine works and long‑lead nuclear island foundations once a reactor technology is selected.

Biodiversity net gain requirements on Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects are being framed as a source of “desperately needed” long-term climate resilience, with large linear schemes such as new highways, rail corridors and strategic energy infrastructure able to create continuous habitat networks at scale. Experts point to legally secured 30‑year management plans, species-rich grassland and woodland planting, and restored wetlands as measures that can buffer flood risk, reduce heat stress and stabilise soils around major assets. For designers and contractors, this shifts BNG from a planning obligation to a core part of geotechnical and drainage resilience strategy.

The British Geological Survey has launched a multi-year programme to map and assess CO₂ storage potential in Triassic and Jurassic sandstone formations beneath the Central North Sea, using legacy hydrocarbon well logs and 3D seismic data. Geoscientists will evaluate porosity–permeability distributions, caprock integrity and pressure limits to define storage units suitable for multi-million-tonne injection linked to UK industrial clusters. Results are expected to guide site selection, well design and monitoring strategies for future offshore carbon storage licences.

Skanska has completed Anglian Water’s first integrated constructed treatment wetland at Everton Water Recycling Centre in Bedfordshire, designed to strip phosphorus and iron from final effluent using a nature‑based flow path rather than chemical dosing. The wetland forms part of the WRC outfall stream, using engineered reed beds and controlled hydraulic residence times to polish treated wastewater before discharge. For civil and water engineers, the scheme signals growing scope for low‑energy, passive treatment trains to meet tightening nutrient consents on small to medium works.

Southern Water has launched a £1.3bn framework tender for sustainable drainage and habitat restoration across its catchment, targeting large-scale SuDS retrofits, nature-based flood management and river corridor enhancement. The multi-year programme will call for design-and-build teams to deliver measures such as swales, wetlands, infiltration basins and floodplain reconnection to cut surface water inflows to sewers and reduce CSO spills. Contractors will need strong geotechnical, hydrological and ecological capability, with emphasis on whole-catchment modelling and long-term asset performance.

UK tree‑planting rates are falling far short of the UK’s statutory 2050 net‑zero pathway, with the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit warning that missed planting during this Parliament could create a long‑term “carbon removal gap” and weaker natural flood defences. The analysis points to delayed woodland creation in upland catchments and along floodplains, where riparian planting and shelterbelts could slow overland flow, stabilise soils and reduce peak river levels. For infrastructure planners, this signals greater reliance on hard‑engineered flood schemes and more expensive carbon removal options later in the century.